CFP : HESCALE – Histoire, Économie, Sociologie des Cinémas d’Afrique et du Levant

HESCALE – Histoire, Économie, Sociologie des Cinémas d’Afrique et du Levant

Call for Papers

International Conference – Strasbourg (France) –15, 16, 17 March 2017

Producing films in/with Africa and the Middle East 

 


 

Maghrebi, Arab, Mediterranean and African cinemas have become favoured areas of research, particularly with respect to the political, cultural, social and aesthetic issues communicated by the films in the context of their national and international reception. By contrast, the production and circulation of these films have not attracted attention beyond the work of a few isolated researchers and films critics.

While Africa is often wrongly perceived as being a desert for films, it now boasts several flourishing national cinemas, even besides Nollywood. Indeed, Africa has never produced as many films as it does today. These films are very popular in certain parts of the world while unknown if not rejected in others. Meanwhile in the Middle East, countries without any film cultures or film traditions, are attempting to redefine relationships of power with respect to the production and circulation of films. Furthermore, the digital revolution, and its economic and cultural impact have transformed the processes of film production, distribution and circulation. While recent interest in Nollywood has led to the renewal of studies on the production, distribution and consumption of films in this context, it has been at the cost of the diversity of the industries in other African countries.

In the last few years, several initiatives and projects have brought new research perspectives to bear on film distribution, exhibition and audiences, thereby revealing the ways in which the recent transformations have affected Maghrebi, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African cinemas. Two conferences, « Activités, pratiques spectatorielles et cultures de cinéma en Afrique et au Moyen Orient » organised in Strasbourg in May 2015 and « Représentations du cinéma et pratiques spectatorielles en Afrique francophone » in May 2016 In Marrakech, have led to the constitution of an international and multidisciplinary research network HESCALE the purpose of which is to analyse the film sector in its transnational, national and local dimensions. Several research orientations have been identified: audiences, spectatorship, film cultures and reception, which, like film circulation have already been the topics of conferences and seminars, and which we will continue to explore. The focus for the present call for papers is the political, cultural, economic and industrial characteristics of production.

 

In countries with an enormous film supply coming essentially from other continents, but with its own (albeit irregular and sometimes non-existent) film production, what have been the dominant modes of production? What has been the impact of the digital revolution on the modes of production? What are the economic, industrial and social issues raised by the digital revolution? Who are the principal actors? Is there state involvement in film production? What are the financial, political and economic relationships with former colonial powers, with new actors in film production? What about equipment and staff training? What about the circulation of the films produced in these regions? Are there any specific and coherent geographical and linguistic areas emerging within these regions?

Perspectives from different disciplines are welcome:

– History: What quantitative and qualitative developments in film production can be discerned in specific countries or regional areas, in particular since independence? What have been the involvement and strategies of nation states? What have been those of sub-regional areas (UEMOA, CEDEAO, etc.)? How have film funding and foreign investment been reconfigured over time?

– Economics: What financial constraints and regulations influence producers in different regions? What strategies have been developed by professionals to adapt to a declining market? What has been the impact of financial constraints and reduced markets on production? What are the ways in which film production has been affected by the video market, television and the internet?

– Sociology: What have been the career paths of film producers (background, training, etc.)? The development of careers, business practices and discourses? How are the various tasks related to film production organized, and the accumulation of different jobs (the filmmaker as producer and sometimes distributor of his/her own films, etc.)? What has been the impact of filmmakers’ associations (FEPACI) on film production? What productions for which cultures?

The papers, which can be presented in French or in English, are expected to be between twenty and thirty minutes.

The conference will alternate academic panels and round-table discussions with professionals. The proceedings will be published.

 

Send a 300- to 500-word abstract, a short bibliography and short biography to:

 

patricia.caille@unistra.fr, c.forest@unistra.fr before 6 November 2016.

 

Scientific committee :

Karine Blanchon, Université de Bordeaux Montaigne, France / Vincent Bouchard, University of Indiana, Etats-Unis / Patricia Caillé, Université de Strasbourg / Claude Forest, Université de Strasbourg / Honoré Fouhba, Centre National d’Éducation, Cameroun / Odile Goerg, Université de Paris 7 / Lamia Guiga Belkaied, ESAC, Tunisie / Nolwenn Mingant, Université de Nantes /Françoise Naudillon, Concordia University, Québec, Canada / Patrick Ndiltah, Université de N’djamena, Tchad / Justin Ouoro, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Organizing committee: Patricia Caillé, Claude Forest, students of the Masters programme in International Coproduction of cinematic and audiovisual works.

Call for Papers – Appel à Contribution : Public Action in Africa

Saisir l’action publique en Afrique à travers les instruments  / Grasping public action in Africa through policy instruments

Contact :

Philippe Lavigne-Delville (Institut de Recherche et de Développement) philippe.lavignedelville@ird.fr
Sina Schlimmer (Sciences Po Bordeaux / Les Afriques dans le Monde) sina.schlimmer@web.de


Cette Section Thématique (ST) est centrée sur une entrée spécifique de l’analyse des politiques publiques : les Instruments d’Action Publique (IAP). L’objectif est de faire dialoguer des recherches questionnant les techniques de gouvernement en Afrique, qu’elles aient des racines anciennes (cartographies, plans stratégiques) ou soient liées au New Public Management (NPM) comme les outils de mensuration de la performance (benchmarking, ranking, rating) ou de gouvernance (normes ISO, guides de bonne conduite, assurance qualité, best practices).

Alors que l’approche par les IAP occupe une place importante dans l’analyse des politiques publiques en Europe, peu de recherches sur des terrains en Afrique ont engagé des réflexions théoriques et critiques sur ces dispositifs. Pour autant, l’analyse des IAP représente une grille de lecture originale pour étudier la transformation des Etats africains et leur insertion dans des formes globalisées de capitalisme. En effet, l’intégration dans la concurrence internationale suppose que les institutions nationales se plient aux normes internationales de qualité. Dans une logique de promotion de la « bonne gouvernance », les institutions d’aide mettent l’accent sur des instruments censés permettre une action publique effective et équitable, et leur assurer un contrôle sur l’usage des ressources qu’elles octroient. Autrement dit, les IAP en contexte africain sont aux interfaces entre trajectoires des Etats et dispositifs promus de l’extérieur, entre l’internationalisation et processus endogènes d’action publique.

Cette ST propose d’aborder la question des IAP en Afrique à travers une approche comparative, en confrontant des analyses empiriques portant sur différents secteurs. Nous partons du postulat que la variable principale orientant cette comparaison s’articule autour de la sociologie historique de l’Etat. Il s’agit de tester comment l’approche par les instruments nous renseigne sur des formes originales de la formation de l’Etat et, inversement, dans quelle mesure la trajectoire historique de l’Etat et son extraversion nous permettent de mieux comprendre la fabrique, la nature ou la réappropriation des IAP.

Ce débat théorique peut s’articuler autour de différentes entrées. Nous en proposons cinq :

  • ‐  La question des IAP dans des Etats sous régimes d’aide, qui connaissent une forte implication des acteurs internationaux (institutions financières, bailleurs de fonds, agences de développement). Il s’agit de questionner le choix des instruments, dans des configurations pluri-acteurs transnationales et caractérisés par des rapports de pouvoir asymétriques et de s’interroger sur les enjeux politiques et financiers de cette économie politique dans les différentes étapes de la mise en instrument ;
  • ‐  L’IAP comme une entrée dans l’analyse des transferts de politiques publiques. L’accent est souvent mis sur l’extraversion de l’action publique à travers l’importation et l’application des instruments internationaux. L’étude comparée des IAP, dans un même secteur, entre différents pays, permet de nuancer une telle perspective et de mettre à jour des processus singuliers de réappropriation, en fonction des trajectoires politiques nationales. L’entrée par l’Afrique permet de plus de questionner les transferts Sud-Sud, voire Sud-Nord, c’est-à-dire d’étudier l’exportation des instruments testés en Afrique, qui constitue un lieu d’expérimentation ;
  • ‐  Derrière leur apparente neutralité, les IAP sont porteurs de sens et de valeurs. La nature et l’ampleur de ces enjeux politiques peuvent différer d’un secteur à l’autre. Il s’agit ici d’étudier dans quelle mesure les IAP représentent des indicateurs de politisation en fonction du secteur étudié et d’articuler ainsi le politics et le policy ;
  • ‐  Les IAP comme vecteur de l’historicité des politiques publiques et de la construction de l’Etat. Les IAP sont souvent analysés comme des formes nouvelles de l’action publique reflétant un passage à des modes de gouvernement néolibéraux. Certaines techniques de gouvernement (cartographies, plans d’aménagement, cadastre, etc.) incorporent une histoire plus longue et représentent des outils plus anciens de construction de l’Etat postcolonial. Symétriquement, les modes d’appropriation sélective des instruments liés au NPM témoignent de formes spécifiques de redéploiement de l’Etat ;
  • ‐  Enfin il s’agit de recenser et de comparer la nature et la matérialité des IAP en contextes africains, et les stratégies de réappropriation/contournement dont ils sont l’objet. On peut s’interroger sur les techniques qui gouvernent les différents secteurs de politiques publiques, la part de matériel et d’immatériel qu’elles incluent, le rapport entre recours aux instruments et autoritarisme dans les stratégies de mise en œuvre, et leur effectivité dans des contextes de pluralité des normes.

Ces cinq entrées thématiques sont non-exhaustives. Toute proposition s’articulant autour de ces problématiques sera étudiée attentivement.

This panel is focussing on one specific approach of policy analysis: policy instruments. The aim is to gather research reflecting on various government technologies in Africa, from traditional forms (cartographies, strategic plans) to new instruments of New Public Management (NPM) such as performance measurement (benchmarking, ranking, rating) or governance tools (ISO norms, voluntary guidelines, quality assurance, best practices).

Although the question of instrumentation of public policy has been shaping the scientific controversy in Europe, only few analysts of policy processes in Africa have contributed to this debate. However, we argue that policy instruments can provide relevant insights into the processes of state formation and their insertion into globalised networks of capitalism. The transition towards neoliberal forms of governance is twofold: firstly, national institutions must adapt to international norms and quality standards in order to become competitive in a globalised economy. Secondly, international donor institutions advocating “good governance” invite African governments to adopt instruments promoting efficient policy making and providing control measures over the use of granted resources. Therefore, policy instruments in the African context are at the interface of state trajectories and externally promoted tools as well as at the intersection of internationalisation and endogenous processes of public policy.

The aim of this panel is to analyse policy instruments in Africa through a comparative approach, by confronting empirical research on different policy sectors. We argue that one of the main variables structuring these comparative analysis is the historical sociology of states. Thereby we aim to discuss to what extent policy instruments can be seen as an indicator of original processes of state formation and, in return, to which degree historical trajectories of states and state extraversion are explanatory factors which shed light on the nature, the fabrication, and the reappropriation of policy tools.

Several entry points can frame the panel discussions. We propose five different issues:

  • ‐ The question of policy instruments in states receiving important amounts of foreign aid and where international stakeholders (financial institutions, funding partners, development agencies) are strongly involved in policy processes. The aim is to study the selection of specific tools in a context where policies are shaped by complex and transnational stakeholder constellations which often result in asymmetrical power relations. We will discuss the political and financial impacts of this political economy on the different steps of policy instrumentation (fabrication, application, reappropriation, etc.);
  • ‐  Understanding policy transfers by studying the circulation of instruments. Many contributions have assessed externalised policy processes by focusing on the application of imported international policy tools. However, a comparative approach of instruments in a specific policy sector in different countries can provide insights on singular processes of reappropriation which are shaped by historical and political trajectories. Furthermore, empirical evidence shows that several policy tools have been tested in African contexts before being exported. It is therefore relevant not only to consider policy transfers from Northern to Southern countries, but also South- South and even South-North dynamics;
  • ‐  Government technologies are not neutral but incorporate specific significations and values. The nature and extent of these political meanings can vary from one policy sector to another. We therefore argue that instruments can be used as a variable to measure the varying degrees of politicization in different policy sectors and as an analytical tool to articulate politics and policies;
  • ‐  Policy instruments as a vector of historicity of public policies and state formation. Policy tools are generally described as new forms of public action and as an indicator of the transition towards neoliberal forms of government. However, some administrative supports (especially cartographies, land use plans, cadastres) bear a longer history and have been used as tools for state formation throughout the postcolonial area. Conversely, the modes of selection and appropriation of New Public Management instruments reflect specific forms or state redeployment;
  • ‐  Finally, the aim is to identify and to compare the materiality and the nature of policy instruments in African contexts and the various processes of reinterpretation and subversion they face. Thereby it is interesting to detect the types and forms of instruments governing different policy sectors on the continent, their degree of materiality and immateriality, the balance between instruments and coercion during implementation and to discuss their effectiveness in contexts of institutional pluralism.

These five thematic suggestions are non-exhaustive. We will consider each proposal approaching one of these issues.

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