- ‐ Derrière leur apparente neutralité, les IAP sont porteurs de sens et de valeurs. La nature et l’ampleur de ces enjeux politiques peuvent différer d’un secteur à l’autre. Il s’agit ici d’étudier dans quelle mesure les IAP représentent des indicateurs de politisation en fonction du secteur étudié et d’articuler ainsi le politics et le policy ;
- ‐ Les IAP comme vecteur de l’historicité des politiques publiques et de la construction de l’Etat. Les IAP sont souvent analysés comme des formes nouvelles de l’action publique reflétant un passage à des modes de gouvernement néolibéraux. Certaines techniques de gouvernement (cartographies, plans d’aménagement, cadastre, etc.) incorporent une histoire plus longue et représentent des outils plus anciens de construction de l’Etat postcolonial. Symétriquement, les modes d’appropriation sélective des instruments liés au NPM témoignent de formes spécifiques de redéploiement de l’Etat ;
- ‐ Enfin il s’agit de recenser et de comparer la nature et la matérialité des IAP en contextes africains, et les stratégies de réappropriation/contournement dont ils sont l’objet. On peut s’interroger sur les techniques qui gouvernent les différents secteurs de politiques publiques, la part de matériel et d’immatériel qu’elles incluent, le rapport entre recours aux instruments et autoritarisme dans les stratégies de mise en œuvre, et leur effectivité dans des contextes de pluralité des normes.
Ces cinq entrées thématiques sont non-exhaustives. Toute proposition s’articulant autour de ces problématiques sera étudiée attentivement.
This panel is focussing on one specific approach of policy analysis: policy instruments. The aim is to gather research reflecting on various government technologies in Africa, from traditional forms (cartographies, strategic plans) to new instruments of New Public Management (NPM) such as performance measurement (benchmarking, ranking, rating) or governance tools (ISO norms, voluntary guidelines, quality assurance, best practices).
Although the question of instrumentation of public policy has been shaping the scientific controversy in Europe, only few analysts of policy processes in Africa have contributed to this debate. However, we argue that policy instruments can provide relevant insights into the processes of state formation and their insertion into globalised networks of capitalism. The transition towards neoliberal forms of governance is twofold: firstly, national institutions must adapt to international norms and quality standards in order to become competitive in a globalised economy. Secondly, international donor institutions advocating “good governance” invite African governments to adopt instruments promoting efficient policy making and providing control measures over the use of granted resources. Therefore, policy instruments in the African context are at the interface of state trajectories and externally promoted tools as well as at the intersection of internationalisation and endogenous processes of public policy.
The aim of this panel is to analyse policy instruments in Africa through a comparative approach, by confronting empirical research on different policy sectors. We argue that one of the main variables structuring these comparative analysis is the historical sociology of states. Thereby we aim to discuss to what extent policy instruments can be seen as an indicator of original processes of state formation and, in return, to which degree historical trajectories of states and state extraversion are explanatory factors which shed light on the nature, the fabrication, and the reappropriation of policy tools.
Several entry points can frame the panel discussions. We propose five different issues:
- ‐ The question of policy instruments in states receiving important amounts of foreign aid and where international stakeholders (financial institutions, funding partners, development agencies) are strongly involved in policy processes. The aim is to study the selection of specific tools in a context where policies are shaped by complex and transnational stakeholder constellations which often result in asymmetrical power relations. We will discuss the political and financial impacts of this political economy on the different steps of policy instrumentation (fabrication, application, reappropriation, etc.);